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Tamil Muslim
Tamil Muslims () are Tamil-speaking people with Islam as their faith. There are 3 - 4 million Tamil Muslims in India mostly in Tamil Nadu state and also in neighbouring Kerala and Karnataka. A significant Tamil-speaking Muslim population numbering 1.8 million〔Mattison Mines, ''Social stratification among the Muslims in Tamil Nadu, South India'', ''Caste and Social Stratification Among Muslims in India'', ed. Imtiaz Ahamed, New Delhi, 1978; ''Muslim Merchants'' - ''The Economic Behaviours of the Indian Muslim Community'', Shri Ram Centre for Industrial Relations and Human Resources, New Delhi, 1972〕 or more live in the Northern and Eastern provinces and Colombo in Sri Lanka and many other pockets across central and southwest provinces, however they are listed as a separate ethnic group in official statistics.〔de Silva, C.R. ''Sri Lanka — A History'', pp. 3–5, 9〕 There are around 500,000 in Malaysia and 20,000 in Singapore.〔Sinnappa Arasaratnam, ''Merchants, Companies and Commerce on the Coromandel Coast 1650 - 1740'', New Delhi 1986; ''Maritime India in the Seventeenth Century'', New Delhi 1994; ''Maritime Commerce and English Power (South East India), 1750 - 1800'', New Delhi 1996; ''Dutch East Indian Company and the Kingdom of Madura, 1650 - 1700'', ''Tamil Culture'', Vol. 1, 1963, pp. 48-74; ''A Note on Periyathambi Marakkayar, 17th century Commercial Magnate'', ''Tamil Culture'', Vol. 10, No. 1, 1964, pp. 1-7; ''Indian Merchants and the Decline of Indian Mercantile Activity, the Coromandel case'', ''The Calcutta Historical Journal'', Vol. VII, No. 2/1983, pp. 27-43; ''Commerce, Merchants and Entrepreneurship in Tamil Country in 18th century'', paper presented in the 8th World Tamil Conference seminar, Thanjavur, 1995〕
Tamil Muslims are largely urban traders rather than farmers. There is a substantial diaspora of Tamil Muslims, particularly in South East Asia, which has seen their presence as early as the 13th century.〔(Tamil Muslims in Zheng He's fleet ). 1421.tv. Retrieved on 2012-06-27.〕 In the late 20th century, the diaspora expanded to North America and Western Europe. They are called Cholias in Myanmar, Mamak in Malaysia and Rathas in South Africa.〔A. R. Sayeed, ''Indian Muslims and some Problems of Modernisation'', ''Dimensions of Social Changes in India'', ed. M. N. Srinivas, New Delhi, 1977, p.217〕
==Ethnic identity==
Tamil Muslims are identifiable and bonded only by a common language and religion. Otherwise, they belong to multiple ethnic backgrounds such as Dravidian, Aryan, Oriental and Semitic. Hence, their complexions range from fair to dark, facial bone structures range from sharp/oval to rounded. This was due to the frequent trading and miscegenation in South Asia. These races, by the 20th century, began to be listed as social classes in official gazettes of different nations as Lebbai, Marakayar, Rowther, Dekkani, Kayalar (in Maharashtra), Jawi Peranakan or Mamak in Malaysia,〔(Tamil Muslims dominate restaurant industry in Malaysia )〕〔(Kings, Sects and Temples in South India ). Ier.sagepub.com (1977-01-01). Retrieved on 2012-06-27.〕〔(Understanding Backward Classes of Muslim Society ). Scribd.com (2010-08-21). Retrieved on 2012-06-27.〕〔Hiltebeitel, A (1999) Rethinking India's oral and classical epics. p. 376 (11). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-34050-3〕 and Chulia〔Zafar Anjum, (Indians Roar In The Lion City ). littleindia.com〕 (in Singapore)
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